On Agreeing to the Amendment — H R 1048
DETERRENT Act
In plain language
- House bill in the 119th Congress.
- Expands oversight and disclosure requirements related to foreign sources and colleges (IHEs).
- House passed it on Mar 27, 2025 (substantive).
Official summary (Congressional Research Service)
Defending Education Transparency and Ending Rogue Regimes Engaging in Nefarious Transactions Act or the DETERRENT Act This bill expands oversight and disclosure requirements related to foreign sources and institutions of higher education (IHEs). Specifically, the bill requires an IHE to annually disclose to the Department of Education (ED) any year in which the IHE receives a gift from a foreign country of concern (e.g., China or Russia) or foreign entity of concern of any dollar amount; receives a gift or contract from a foreign source (other than a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern) that is valued at $50,000 or more, considered alone or in combination with all other gifts or contracts within a calendar year (current disclosure threshold is $250,000 or more), or which has an undetermined monetary value; enters into a contract with a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern after receiving a waiver for such contract; or is substantially controlled by a foreign source. Additionally, the bill prohibits IHEs from entering into contracts with a foreign country of concern or with a foreign entity of concern without obtaining a waiver, requires certain IHEs to disclose gifts or contracts between covered individuals (e.g., researchers) and foreign sources, and requires private IHEs with specified assets or investments to file annual investment disclosure reports. The bill requires ED to investigate possible violations of this bill and outlines the various penalties for each violation. Penalties may include losing eligibility for federal student financial aid.
Roll-call breakdown
Republican: 92
Democrat: 201 · Independent: 1 · Republican: 119
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Democrat: 15 · Republican: 8
How each member voted (436)
Yea (92)
- Aaron Bean (Republican–FL)
- Abraham J. Hamadeh (Republican–AZ)
- Addison P. McDowell (Republican–NC)
- Andrew Ogles (Republican–TN)
- Andrew S. Clyde (Republican–GA)
- Andy Barr (Republican–KY)
- Andy Biggs (Republican–AZ)
- Andy Harris (Republican–MD)
- Anna Paulina Luna (Republican–FL)
- Barry Moore (Republican–AL)
- Ben Cline (Republican–VA)
- Beth Van Duyne (Republican–TX)
- Brad Finstad (Republican–MN)
- Brandon Gill (Republican–TX)
- Brian Babin (Republican–TX)
- Brian J. Mast (Republican–FL)
- Brian Jack (Republican–GA)
- Byron Donalds (Republican–FL)
- Chip Roy (Republican–TX)
- Chuck Edwards (Republican–NC)
- Claudia Tenney (Republican–NY)
- Clay Higgins (Republican–LA)
- Cory Mills (Republican–FL)
- David Kustoff (Republican–TN)
- David Schweikert (Republican–AZ)
- Derek Schmidt (Republican–KS)
- Diana Harshbarger (Republican–TN)
- Elijah Crane (Republican–AZ)
- Eric Burlison (Republican–MO)
- Guy Reschenthaler (Republican–PA)
- Harriet M. Hageman (Republican–WY)
- James Comer (Republican–KY)
- Jeff Crank (Republican–CO)
- Jim Jordan (Republican–OH)
- Jodey C. Arrington (Republican–TX)
- Joe Wilson (Republican–SC)
- John J. McGuire III (Republican–VA)
- John Joyce (Republican–PA)
- John R. Carter (Republican–TX)
- John W. Rose (Republican–TN)
- Josh Brecheen (Republican–OK)
- Kat Cammack (Republican–FL)
- Keith Self (Republican–TX)
- Kevin Hern (Republican–OK)
- Lauren Boebert (Republican–CO)
- Marjorie Taylor Greene (Republican–GA)
- Mark E. Green (Republican–TN)
- Mary E. Miller (Republican–IL)
- Michael Cloud (Republican–TX)
- Michelle Fischbach (Republican–MN)
- Mike Collins (Republican–GA)
- Mike Ezell (Republican–MS)
- Monica De La Cruz (Republican–TX)
- Morgan Luttrell (Republican–TX)
- Nathaniel Moran (Republican–TX)
- Nicholas A. Langworthy (Republican–NY)
- Pat Fallon (Republican–TX)
- Pat Harrigan (Republican–NC)
- Paul A. Gosar (Republican–AZ)
- Pete Stauber (Republican–MN)
- Ralph Norman (Republican–SC)
- Randy K. Weber, Sr. (Republican–TX)
- Richard McCormick (Republican–GA)
- Riley M. Moore (Republican–WV)
- Ron Estes (Republican–KS)
- Rudy Yakym III (Republican–IN)
- Russ Fulcher (Republican–ID)
- Russell Fry (Republican–SC)
- Ryan K. Zinke (Republican–MT)
- Ryan Mackenzie (Republican–PA)
- Scott DesJarlais (Republican–TN)
- Scott Fitzgerald (Republican–WI)
- Scott Franklin (Republican–FL)
- Scott Perry (Republican–PA)
- Sheri Biggs (Republican–SC)
- Steve Scalise (Republican–LA)
- Thomas Massie (Republican–KY)
- Thomas P. Tiffany (Republican–WI)
- Tim Burchett (Republican–TN)
- Tim Moore (Republican–NC)
- Tom Emmer (Republican–MN)
- Tony Gonzales (Republican–TX)
- Tony Wied (Republican–WI)
- Tracey Mann (Republican–KS)
- Trent Kelly (Republican–MS)
- Troy Balderson (Republican–OH)
- Troy Downing (Republican–MT)
- Troy E. Nehls (Republican–TX)
- W. Gregory Steube (Republican–FL)
- Warren Davidson (Republican–OH)
- Wesley Hunt (Republican–TX)
- William R. Timmons IV (Republican–SC)
Nay (321)
- Adam Gray (Democrat–CA)
- Adam Smith (Democrat–WA)
- Adrian Smith (Republican–NE)
- Adriano Espaillat (Democrat–NY)
- Al Green (Democrat–TX)
- Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (Democrat–NY)
- Alma S. Adams (Democrat–NC)
- Ami Bera (Democrat–CA)
- André Carson (Democrat–IN)
- Andrea Salinas (Democrat–OR)
- Andrew R. Garbarino (Republican–NY)
- Angie Craig (Democrat–MN)
- Ann Wagner (Republican–MO)
- April McClain Delaney (Democrat–MD)
- Ashley Hinson (Republican–IA)
- August Pfluger (Republican–TX)
- Austin Scott (Republican–GA)
- Ayanna Pressley (Democrat–MA)
- Barry Loudermilk (Republican–GA)
- Becca Balint (Democrat–VT)
- Bennie G. Thompson (Democrat–MS)
- Betty McCollum (Democrat–MN)
- Bill Foster (Democrat–IL)
- Bill Huizenga (Republican–MI)
- Blake D. Moore (Republican–UT)
- Bonnie Watson Coleman (Democrat–NJ)
- Brad Knott (Republican–NC)
- Brad Sherman (Democrat–CA)
- Bradley Scott Schneider (Democrat–IL)
- Brendan F. Boyle (Democrat–PA)
- Brett Guthrie (Republican–KY)
- Brian K. Fitzpatrick (Republican–PA)
- Bruce Westerman (Republican–AR)
- Bryan Steil (Republican–WI)
- Burgess Owens (Republican–UT)
- Carlos A. Gimenez (Republican–FL)
- Carol D. Miller (Republican–WV)
- Celeste Maloy (Republican–UT)
- Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann (Republican–TN)
- Chris Pappas (Democrat–NH)
- Chrissy Houlahan (Democrat–PA)
- Christopher H. Smith (Republican–NJ)
- Christopher R. Deluzio (Democrat–PA)
- Cleo Fields (Democrat–LA)
- Cliff Bentz (Republican–OR)
- Craig A. Goldman (Republican–TX)
- Dale W. Strong (Republican–AL)
- Dan Crenshaw (Republican–TX)
- Dan Newhouse (Republican–WA)
- Daniel Meuser (Republican–PA)
- Daniel S. Goldman (Democrat–NY)
- Daniel Webster (Republican–FL)
- Danny K. Davis (Democrat–IL)
- Darin LaHood (Republican–IL)
- Darrell Issa (Republican–CA)
- Darren Soto (Democrat–FL)
- Dave Min (Democrat–CA)
- David G. Valadao (Republican–CA)
- David J. Taylor (Republican–OH)
- David P. Joyce (Republican–OH)
- David Rouzer (Republican–NC)
- David Scott (Democrat–GA)
- Debbie Dingell (Democrat–MI)
- Debbie Wasserman Schultz (Democrat–FL)
- Deborah K. Ross (Democrat–NC)
- Derek Tran (Democrat–CA)
- Derrick Van Orden (Republican–WI)
- Diana DeGette (Democrat–CO)
- Dina Titus (Democrat–NV)
- Don Bacon (Republican–NE)
- Donald G. Davis (Democrat–NC)
- Donald Norcross (Democrat–NJ)
- Donald S. Beyer, Jr. (Democrat–VA)
- Doris O. Matsui (Democrat–CA)
- Doug LaMalfa (Republican–CA)
- Dusty Johnson (Republican–SD)
- Dwight Evans (Democrat–PA)
- Earl L. "Buddy" Carter (Republican–GA)
- Ed Case (Democrat–HI)
- Eleanor Holmes Norton (Democrat–DC)
- Emanuel Cleaver (Democrat–MO)
- Emilia Strong Sykes (Democrat–OH)
- Emily Randall (Democrat–WA)
- Eric A. "Rick" Crawford (Republican–AR)
- Eric Sorensen (Democrat–IL)
- Eric Swalwell (Democrat–CA)
- Erin Houchin (Republican–IN)
- Eugene Simon Vindman (Democrat–VA)
- Frank D. Lucas (Republican–OK)
- Frank J. Mrvan (Democrat–IN)
- Frank Pallone, Jr. (Democrat–NJ)
- Frederica S. Wilson (Democrat–FL)
- Gabe Amo (Democrat–RI)
- Gabe Evans (Republican–CO)
- Gabe Vasquez (Democrat–NM)
- Gary J. Palmer (Republican–AL)
- George Latimer (Democrat–NY)
- George Whitesides (Democrat–CA)
- Gerald E. Connolly (Democrat–VA)
- Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. (Democrat–CA)
- Glenn Grothman (Republican–WI)
- Glenn Ivey (Democrat–MD)
- Glenn Thompson (Republican–PA)
- Grace Meng (Democrat–NY)
- Greg Casar (Democrat–TX)
- Greg Landsman (Democrat–OH)
- Greg Stanton (Democrat–AZ)
- Gregory F. Murphy (Republican–NC)
- Gregory W. Meeks (Democrat–NY)
- Gus M. Bilirakis (Republican–FL)
- Gwen Moore (Democrat–WI)
- H. Morgan Griffith (Republican–VA)
- Hakeem S. Jeffries (Democrat–NY)
- Haley M. Stevens (Democrat–MI)
- Harold Rogers (Republican–KY)
- Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. (Democrat–GA)
- Henry Cuellar (Democrat–TX)
- Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. (Democrat–NJ)
- Hillary J. Scholten (Democrat–MI)
- Ilhan Omar (Democrat–MN)
- J. French Hill (Republican–AR)
- J. Luis Correa (Democrat–CA)
- Jahana Hayes (Democrat–CT)
- Jake Auchincloss (Democrat–MA)
- Jake Ellzey (Republican–TX)
- James A. Himes (Democrat–CT)
- James E. Clyburn (Democrat–SC)
- James P. McGovern (Democrat–MA)
- James R. Baird (Republican–IN)
- Jamie Raskin (Democrat–MD)
- Janelle S. Bynum (Democrat–OR)
- Janice D. Schakowsky (Democrat–IL)
- Jared F. Golden (Democrat–ME)
- Jared Huffman (Democrat–CA)
- Jared Moskowitz (Democrat–FL)
- Jasmine Crockett (Democrat–TX)
- Jason Crow (Democrat–CO)
- Jason Smith (Republican–MO)
- Jay Obernolte (Republican–CA)
- Jeff Hurd (Republican–CO)
- Jefferson Shreve (Republican–IN)
- Jefferson Van Drew (Republican–NJ)
- Jennifer A. Kiggans (Republican–VA)
- Jennifer L. McClellan (Democrat–VA)
- Jerrold Nadler (Democrat–NY)
- Jesús G. "Chuy" García (Democrat–IL)
- Jill N. Tokuda (Democrat–HI)
- Jim Costa (Democrat–CA)
- Jimmy Gomez (Democrat–CA)
- Jimmy Panetta (Democrat–CA)
- Joaquin Castro (Democrat–TX)
- Joe Courtney (Democrat–CT)
- Joe Neguse (Democrat–CO)
- John B. Larson (Democrat–CT)
- John H. Rutherford (Republican–FL)
- John James (Republican–MI)
- John R. Moolenaar (Republican–MI)
- John W. Mannion (Democrat–NY)
- Johnny Olszewski, Jr. (Democrat–MD)
- Jonathan L. Jackson (Democrat–IL)
- Joseph D. Morelle (Democrat–NY)
- Josh Gottheimer (Democrat–NJ)
- Josh Harder (Democrat–CA)
- Josh Riley (Democrat–NY)
- Joyce Beatty (Democrat–OH)
- Juan Ciscomani (Republican–AZ)
- Juan Vargas (Democrat–CA)
- Judy Chu (Democrat–CA)
- Julia Brownley (Democrat–CA)
- Julia Letlow (Republican–LA)
- Julie Fedorchak (Republican–ND)
- Julie Johnson (Democrat–TX)
- Katherine M. Clark (Democrat–MA)
- Kathy Castor (Democrat–FL)
- Kelly Morrison (Democrat–MN)
- Ken Calvert (Republican–CA)
- Kevin Kiley (Independent–CA)
- Kevin Mullin (Democrat–CA)
- Kim Schrier (Democrat–WA)
- Kimberlyn King-Hinds (Republican–MP)
- Kristen McDonald Rivet (Democrat–MI)
- Kweisi Mfume (Democrat–MD)
- LaMonica McIver (Democrat–NJ)
- Lance Gooden (Republican–TX)
- Lateefah Simon (Democrat–CA)
- Laura Friedman (Democrat–CA)
- Laura Gillen (Democrat–NY)
- Laurel M. Lee (Republican–FL)
- Lauren Underwood (Democrat–IL)
- Linda T. Sánchez (Democrat–CA)
- Lisa C. McClain (Republican–MI)
- Lizzie Fletcher (Democrat–TX)
- Lloyd Doggett (Democrat–TX)
- Lloyd Smucker (Republican–PA)
- Lois Frankel (Democrat–FL)
- Lori Trahan (Democrat–MA)
- Luz M. Rivas (Democrat–CA)
- Madeleine Dean (Democrat–PA)
- Maggie Goodlander (Democrat–NH)
- Marc A. Veasey (Democrat–TX)
- Marcy Kaptur (Democrat–OH)
- Maria Elvira Salazar (Republican–FL)
- Mariannette Miller-Meeks (Republican–IA)
- Marie Gluesenkamp Perez (Democrat–WA)
- Marilyn Strickland (Democrat–WA)
- Mario Diaz-Balart (Republican–FL)
- Mark Alford (Republican–MO)
- Mark B. Messmer (Republican–IN)
- Mark DeSaulnier (Democrat–CA)
- Mark Harris (Republican–NC)
- Mark Pocan (Democrat–WI)
- Mark Takano (Democrat–CA)
- Marlin A. Stutzman (Republican–IN)
- Mary Gay Scanlon (Democrat–PA)
- Max L. Miller (Republican–OH)
- Maxine Dexter (Democrat–OR)
- Maxine Waters (Democrat–CA)
- Maxwell Frost (Democrat–FL)
- Michael A. Rulli (Republican–OH)
- Michael Baumgartner (Republican–WA)
- Michael Guest (Republican–MS)
- Michael K. Simpson (Republican–ID)
- Michael Lawler (Republican–NY)
- Michael R. Turner (Republican–OH)
- Mike Bost (Republican–IL)
- Mike Carey (Republican–OH)
- Mike Flood (Republican–NE)
- Mike Haridopolos (Republican–FL)
- Mike Kelly (Republican–PA)
- Mike Kennedy (Republican–UT)
- Mike Levin (Democrat–CA)
- Mike Quigley (Democrat–IL)
- Mike Rogers (Republican–AL)
- Mike Thompson (Democrat–CA)
- Morgan McGarvey (Democrat–KY)
- Nancy Mace (Republican–SC)
- Neal P. Dunn (Republican–FL)
- Nellie Pou (Democrat–NJ)
- Nicholas J. Begich III (Republican–AK)
- Nick LaLota (Republican–NY)
- Nicole Malliotakis (Republican–NY)
- Nikema Williams (Democrat–GA)
- Nikki Budzinski (Democrat–IL)
- Norma J. Torres (Democrat–CA)
- Nydia M. Velázquez (Democrat–NY)
- Pablo José Hernández (Democrat–PR)
- Patrick Ryan (Democrat–NY)
- Paul Tonko (Democrat–NY)
- Pete Aguilar (Democrat–CA)
- Pete Sessions (Republican–TX)
- Pramila Jayapal (Democrat–WA)
- Raja Krishnamoorthi (Democrat–IL)
- Randy Feenstra (Republican–IA)
- Rashida Tlaib (Democrat–MI)
- Raul Ruiz (Democrat–CA)
- Richard Hudson (Republican–NC)
- Rick Larsen (Democrat–WA)
- Rick W. Allen (Republican–GA)
- Ritchie Torres (Democrat–NY)
- Ro Khanna (Democrat–CA)
- Robert B. Aderholt (Republican–AL)
- Robert C. "Bobby" Scott (Democrat–VA)
- Robert E. Latta (Republican–OH)
- Robert F. Onder, Jr. (Republican–MO)
- Robert J. Wittman (Republican–VA)
- Robert Menendez (Democrat–NJ)
- Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. (Republican–PA)
- Robin L. Kelly (Democrat–IL)
- Roger Williams (Republican–TX)
- Rosa L. DeLauro (Democrat–CT)
- Salud O. Carbajal (Democrat–CA)
- Sam Graves (Republican–MO)
- Sam T. Liccardo (Democrat–CA)
- Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. (Democrat–GA)
- Sara Jacobs (Democrat–CA)
- Sarah Elfreth (Democrat–MD)
- Sarah McBride (Democrat–DE)
- Scott H. Peters (Democrat–CA)
- Sean Casten (Democrat–IL)
- Seth Magaziner (Democrat–RI)
- Seth Moulton (Democrat–MA)
- Sharice Davids (Democrat–KS)
- Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick (Democrat–FL)
- Shomari Figures (Democrat–AL)
- Shontel M. Brown (Democrat–OH)
- Shri Thanedar (Democrat–MI)
- Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat–MD)
- Stephanie I. Bice (Republican–OK)
- Stephen F. Lynch (Democrat–MA)
- Steve Cohen (Democrat–TN)
- Steve Womack (Republican–AR)
- Steven Horsford (Democrat–NV)
- Suhas Subramanyam (Democrat–VA)
- Summer L. Lee (Democrat–PA)
- Susie Lee (Democrat–NV)
- Suzan K. DelBene (Democrat–WA)
- Suzanne Bonamici (Democrat–OR)
- Sydney Kamlager-Dove (Democrat–CA)
- Sylvia R. Garcia (Democrat–TX)
- Ted Lieu (Democrat–CA)
- Terri A. Sewell (Democrat–AL)
- Thomas H. Kean, Jr. (Republican–NJ)
- Thomas R. Suozzi (Democrat–NY)
- Tim Walberg (Republican–MI)
- Timothy M. Kennedy (Democrat–NY)
- Tom Barrett (Republican–MI)
- Tom Cole (Republican–OK)
- Tom McClintock (Republican–CA)
- Troy A. Carter (Democrat–LA)
- Val T. Hoyle (Democrat–OR)
- Valerie P. Foushee (Democrat–NC)
- Vern Buchanan (Republican–FL)
- Veronica Escobar (Democrat–TX)
- Victoria Spartz (Republican–IN)
- Virginia Foxx (Republican–NC)
- Wesley Bell (Democrat–MO)
- William R. Keating (Democrat–MA)
- Young Kim (Republican–CA)
- Yvette D. Clarke (Democrat–NY)
- Zachary Nunn (Republican–IA)
- Zoe Lofgren (Democrat–CA)
Not Voting (23)
- Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen (Republican–AS)
- Brittany Pettersen (Democrat–CO)
- Chellie Pingree (Democrat–ME)
- Delia C. Ramirez (Democrat–IL)
- Elise M. Stefanik (Republican–NY)
- Jack Bergman (Republican–MI)
- James C. Moylan (Republican–GU)
- John Garamendi (Democrat–CA)
- Lucy McBath (Democrat–GA)
- Mark E. Amodei (Republican–NV)
- Melanie A. Stansbury (Democrat–NM)
- Michael T. McCaul (Republican–TX)
- Mikie Sherrill (Democrat–NJ)
- Nancy Pelosi (Democrat–CA)
- Nanette Diaz Barragán (Democrat–CA)
- Richard E. Neal (Democrat–MA)
- Robert Garcia (Democrat–CA)
- Ronny Jackson (Republican–TX)
- Stacey E. Plaskett (Democrat–VI)
- Teresa Leger Fernandez (Democrat–NM)
- Vicente Gonzalez (Democrat–TX)
- Vince Fong (Republican–CA)
- Yassamin Ansari (Democrat–AZ)
Party labels reflect each member’s most recent affiliation on record.